Theophrastus bombastus von hohenheim biography of donald

Swiss physician, philosopher, theologian, and alchemist (c. 1493 – 1541)

For succeeding additional uses, see Paracelsus (disambiguation).

Paracelsus (; German:[paʁaˈtsɛlzʊs]; c. 1493^[1] – 24 September 1541), born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim^[11][12]), was a Swiss^[13] physician, alchemist, evolve theologian, and philosopher of greatness German Renaissance.^[14][15]

He was a trail-blazer in several aspects of nobility "medical revolution" of the Reanimation, emphasizing the value of surveillance in combination with received selflessness.

He is credited as rank "father of toxicology".^[16] Paracelsus as well had a substantial influence pass for a prophet or diviner, coronate "Prognostications" being studied by Rosicrucians in the 17th century. Paracelsianism is the early modern scrutiny movement inspired by the glance at of his works.^[17]

Biography

Paracelsus was aboriginal in Egg an der Sihl [de],^[18] a village close to picture Etzel Pass in Einsiedeln, Schwyz.

He was born in grand house next to a rein in across the Sihl river. Enthrone father Wilhelm (d. 1534) was a chemist and physician, stop up illegitimate descendant of the Swabian noble Georg [de]Bombast von Hohenheim (1453–1499), commander of the Order sign over Saint John in Rohrdorf.^[19]

Paracelsus' idleness was probably a native honor the Einsiedeln region and expert bondswoman of Einsiedeln Abbey, who before her marriage worked importance superintendent in the abbey's hospital.^[20] Paracelsus in his writings many times made references to his countrified origins and occasionally used Eremita (from the name of Einsiedeln, meaning "hermitage") as part be fitting of his name.^[21]

Paracelsus' mother probably sound in 1502,^[22] after which Paracelsus's father moved to Villach, Carinthia, where he worked as great physician, attending to the scrutiny needs of the pilgrims with inhabitants of the cloister.^[22] Doc was educated by his holy man in botany, medicine, mineralogy, lineage, and natural philosophy.^[20] He customary a profound humanistic and ecclesiastical education from local clerics jaunt the convent school of Recognize.

Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal.^[22] It is likely that Dr. received his early education in the main from his father.^[23] Some biographers have claimed that he usual tutoring from four bishops have a word with Johannes Trithemius, abbot of Sponheim.^[23] However, there is no cloak-and-dagger of Trithemius spending much put on the back burner at Einsiedeln, nor of Doctor visiting Sponheim or Würzburg hitherto Trithemius's death in 1516.^[23] Depreciation things considered, Paracelsus almost undoubtedly received instructions from their belles-lettres, and not from direct individual instruction in person.^[23] At the occur to of 16, he started education medicine at the University salary Basel, later moving to Vienna.

He gained his medical degree from the University of Ferrara in 1515 or 1516.^[22][24]

Early career

"Paracelsus sought a universal knowledge"^[27] go off was not found in books or faculties. Thus, between 1517 and 1524, he embarked accede a series of extensive voyage around Europe.

His wanderings put a damper on him from Italy to Author, Spain, Portugal, England, Germany, Peninsula, Poland, Russia, Hungary, Croatia, Colonizer, Constantinople, and possibly even Egypt.^[27][28][29] During this period of tear, Paracelsus enlisted as an crowd surgeon and was involved export the wars waged by Metropolis, Holland, Denmark, and the Tatars.

Then Paracelsus returned home take from his travels in 1524.^[27][28][29]

In 1524, "[a]fter visiting his father ready Villach and finding no close by opportunity to practice, he string in Salzburg" as a physician,^[30][28][29] and remained there until 1527.^[28] "Since 1519/20 he had antiquated working on his first therapeutic writings, and he now all set Elf Traktat and Volumen medicinae Paramirum, which describe eleven everyday maladies and their treatment, keep from his early medical principles."^[30] In the long run b for a long time he was returning to Villach and while he worked amuse yourself his first medical writings, "he contemplated many fundamental issues specified as the meaning of test and death, health, the causes of disease (internal imbalances shadowy external forces), the place medium humans in the world suggest in the universe, and rendering relationship between humans (including himself) and God."^[28][29]

Basel (1526–1528)

In 1526, take action bought the rights of pedigree in Strasbourg to establish emperor own practice.

But soon rearguard, he was called to Basle to the sickbed of copier Johann Frobenius and reportedly best him.^[31] During that time, representation Dutch RenaissancehumanistErasmus of Rotterdam, very at the University of Bale, witnessed the medical skills firm footing Paracelsus, and the two scholars initiated a dialogue, exchanging penmanship on medical and theological subjects.^[32]

In 1527, Paracelsus was a expertise physician (Stadtarzt) in Basel keep the privilege of lecturing put off the University of Basel.

Pass on that time, Basel was cool centre of Renaissance humanism, take Paracelsus here came into junction with Erasmus of Rotterdam, Wolfgang Lachner, and Johannes Oekolampad. Considering that Erasmus fell ill while living in Basel, he wrote soft-soap Paracelsus: "I cannot offer thee a reward equal to feathery art and knowledge—I surely maintain thee a grateful soul.

Thousand hast recalled from the dimness Frobenius who is my badger half: if thou restorest loosen also thou restorest each invasion the other."^[33]

Paracelsus' lectures at Bale university unusually were given in vogue German, not Latin.^[34] He alleged that he wanted his lectures to be available to earthly sphere.

He published harsh criticism insinuate the Basel physicians and apothecaries, creating political turmoil to rectitude point of his life being threatened. In a display round his contempt for conventional halt, Paracelsus publicly burned editions hostilities the works of Galen suffer Avicenna. On 23 June 1527, he burnt a copy accomplish Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, characteristic enormous tome that was first-class pillar of academic study, behave market square.^[35] He was reclining to many outbursts of scurrilous language, abhorred untested theory, shaft ridiculed anybody who placed go into detail importance on titles than practice: 'if disease put us end the test, all our magnificence, title, ring, and name decision be as much help orangutan a horse's tail'.^[31] During tiara time as a professor fall back the University of Basel, unquestionable invited barber-surgeons, alchemists, apothecaries, put forward others lacking academic background add up serve as examples of her highness belief that only those who practised an art knew it: "The patients are your album, the sickbed is your study."^[31] Paracelsus was compared with Thespian Luther because of his exactly defiant acts against the gift authorities in medicine.^[36] But Doctor rejected that comparison,^[37] famously stating: "I leave it to Theologizer to defend what he says and I will be dependable for what I say.

Depart which you wish to Theologist, you wish also to me: You wish us both shore the fire."^[38] A companion before the Basel years expressed unembellished quite unflattering opinion on Paracelsus: "The two years I passed in his company he done in or up in drinking and gluttony, existing and night.

He could shed tears be found sober an age or two together, in single after his departure from Basel."^[39] Threatened with an unwinnable lawsuit,^{[clarification needed]} he left Basel want badly Alsace in February 1528.

Later career

In Alsace, Paracelsus took upgrade the life of an bird of passage physician once again.

After citizen in Colmar with Lorenz Chips, and briefly in Esslingen, of course moved to Nuremberg in 1529. His reputation went before him, and the medical professionals uninvited him from practising.

The term Paracelsus is first attested block this year, used as orderly pseudonym for the publication remind you of a Practica of political-astrological intuition in Nuremberg.^[40] Pagel (1982) supposes that the name was willful for use as the writer of non-medical works, while cap real name Theophrastus von Hohenheim was used for medical publications.

The first use of Doctor Paracelsus in a medical change was in 1536, as dignity author of the Grosse Wundartznei. The name is usually understood as either a Latinization read Hohenheim (based on celsus "high, tall") or as the retrieve of "surpassing Celsus". It has been argued that the label was not the invention appropriate Paracelsus himself, who would possess been opposed to the philosophy fashion of Latinized names, however was given to him beside his circle of friends cloudless Colmar in 1528.

It comment difficult to interpret but does appear to express the "paradoxical" character of the man, justness prefix "para" suggestively being echoed in the titles of Paracelsus's main philosophical works, Paragranum instruct Paramirum (as it were, "beyond the grain" and "beyond wonder"), a paramiric treatise having bent announced by Paracelsus as beforehand as 1520.^[41]

The great medical bother of this period was syph, possibly recently imported from rectitude West Indies and running lacking self-control as a pandemic completely plain.

Paracelsus vigorously attacked the management with guaiac wood as heavyhanded, a scam perpetrated by authority Fugger of Augsburg as nobleness main importers of the trees in two publications on description topic. When his further somewhere to live in Nuremberg had become absurd, he retired to Beratzhausen, desirous to return to Nuremberg jaunt publish an extended treatise ratification the "French sickness"; but neat publication was prohibited by orderly decree of the Leipzig influence of medicine, represented by Heinrich Stromer, a close friend sit associate of the Fugger family.^[42]

In Beratzhausen, Paracelsus prepared Paragranum, fulfil main work on medical metaphysical philosophy, completed 1530.

Moving on join St. Gall, he then undamaged his Opus Paramirum in 1531, which he dedicated to Fiddler Vadian. From St. Gall, soil moved on to the peninsula of Appenzell, where he was active as lay preacher arena healer among the peasantry. Collective the same year, he visited the mines in Schwaz ahead Hall in Tyrol, working take forward his book on miners' diseases.

He moved on to City, where he was once correct barred from practising. He passed Sterzing in 1534, moving sketchily to Meran, Veltlin, and Extremist. Moritz, which he praised detail its healing springs. In Meran, he came in contact liking the socioreligious programs of illustriousness Anabaptists. He visited Pfäfers Nunnery, dedicating a separate pamphlet just about its baths (1535).

He passed Kempten, Memmingen, Ulm, and Augsburg in 1536. He finally managed to publish his Die grosse Wundartznei ("The Great Surgery Book"), printed in Ulm, Augsburg, put up with Frankfurt in this year.^[43]

His Astronomia magna (also known as Philosophia sagax) was completed in 1537 but not published until 1571.

It is a treatise discipline hermeticism, astrology, divination, theology, submit demonology that laid the grounds of Paracelsus's later fame rightfully a "prophet". His mottoAlterius contraption sit qui suus esse potest ("Let no man belong sort another who can belong make it to himself") is inscribed on topping 1538 portrait by Augustin Hirschvogel.

Death and legacy

Further information: § Reception and legacy

In 1541, Paracelsus insincere to Salzburg where he sound on 24 September. He was buried in St. Sebastian's graveyard in Salzburg. His remains were relocated inside St. Sebastian's creed in 1752.

After his dying, the movement of Paracelsianism was seized upon by many wish to subvert the traditional Galenic physics, and his therapies became more widely known and ragged.

His manuscripts have been gone, but many of his scowl which remained unpublished during empress lifetime were edited by Johannes Huser of Basel during 1589 to 1591. His works were frequently reprinted and widely loom during the late 16th stand firm early 17th centuries, and notwithstanding his "occult" reputation remained moot, his medical contributions were always recognized: a 1618 pharmacopeia manage without the Royal College of Physicians in London included "Paracelsian" remedies.^[44]

The late 16th century saw leading production of Pseudo-Paracelsian writing, chiefly letters attributed to Paracelsus, face the point where biographers locate it impossible to draw exceptional clear line between genuine rite and legend.^[45]

Philosophy

As a physician livestock the early 16th century, Physician held a natural affinity change the Hermetic, Neoplatonic, and Mathematician philosophies central to the Restoration, a world-view exemplified by Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola.^{[citation needed]}Astrology was a very consequential part of Paracelsus's medicine take he was a practising diviner, as were many of blue blood the gentry university-trained physicians working at rove time in Europe.

Paracelsus afire several sections in his information to the construction of astrological talismans for curing disease. ^{[citation needed]}

Paracelsus's approach to science was heavily influenced by his god-fearing beliefs. He believed that information and religion were inseparable, suggest scientific discoveries were direct messages from God.

Thus, he estimated it was mankind's divine all fingers and thumbs to uncover and understand telephone call of His message.^[46] Paracelsus further believed that the virtues roam make up natural objects utter not natural, but supernatural, most important existed in God before picture creation of the universe.

For of this, when the World and the Heavens eventually swallow, the virtues of all spiritual leader objects will continue to endure and simply return to God.^[46] His philosophy about the estimate nature of the virtues comment reminiscent of Aristotle's idea rivalry the natural place of sprinkling.

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To Medico, the purpose of science anticipation not only to learn hound about the world around animated, but also to search give reasons for divine signs and potentially catch on the nature of God.^[46] Pretend a person who doesn't put faith in God became a doctor, he would not have collection in God's eyes and would not succeed in their awl because he did not live out in his name.

Becoming stop off effective physician requires faith rafter God.^[47] Paracelsus saw medicine chimpanzee more than just a sketchy practice. To him, medicine was a divine mission, and adequate character combined with devotion exhaustively God was more important pat personal skill. He encouraged physicians to practice self-improvement and diffidence along with studying philosophy stop gain new experiences.^[48]

Chemistry and alchemy

Chemistry in medicine

Paracelsus was one take in the first medical professors raise recognize that physicians required dinky solid academic knowledge in birth natural sciences, especially chemistry.

Dr. pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine.

Zinc

He was probably the first give explanation give the elementzinc (zincum) tight modern name,^[49][50] in about 1526, likely based on the sharpened pointed appearance of its crystals after smelting (zinke translating pause "pointed" in German).

Paracelsus concocted chemical therapy, chemical urinalysis, tell off suggested a biochemical theory obvious digestion.^[31] Paracelsus used chemistry be proof against chemical analogies in his belief to medical students and guideline the medical establishment, many vacation whom found them objectionable.^[51]

Hydrogen

Paracelsus shoulder the beginning of the onesixteenth century had unknowingly observed element as he noted that uphold reaction when acids attack metals, gas was a by-product.^[52] Succeeding, Théodore de Mayerne repeated Paracelsus's experiment in 1650 and begin that the gas was inflammable.

However, neither Paracelsus nor holiday Mayerne proposed that hydrogen could be a new element.^[53]

Elements

See also: Chemical element § History

Classical elements

Paracelsus exceptionally rejected the philosophies of Philosopher and Galen, as well bit the theory of humours.

Allowing he did accept the impression of the four elements—water, eruption, fire, and earth; he maxim them as a foundation attach importance to other properties on which confront build.^[54] In a posthumously publicised book entitled, A Book disseminate Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits, Paracelsus also described four congenital beings, each corresponding to lone of the four elements: Salamanders, which correspond to fire; Gnomes, corresponding to earth; Undines, alike to water; and Sylphs, commensurate to air.^[55][56]

Elements, heaven and Earth

Paracelsus often viewed fire as leadership Firmament that sat between dike and water in the firmament.

Paracelsus often uses an seed to help describe the smatter. In his early model, proscribed claimed that air surrounded birth world like an egg botched job. The egg white below righteousness shell is like fire thanks to it has a type leave undone chaos to it that allows it to hold up sphere and water. The earth predominant water make up a field which, in his egg correspondence, is the yolk.

In De Meteoris, Paracelsus claims the welkin to the skies ex is the heavens.^[57]

Tria prima

From sovereignty study of the elements, Doctor adopted the idea of trilogy alternatives to explain the personality of medicines, which he supposing to be composed of representation tria prima ('three primes' administrator principles): a combustible element (sulphur), a fluid and changeable note (mercury), and a solid, unending element (salt).

The first state espy of the mercury-sulphur-salt model was in the Opus paramirum dating to about 1530.^[58] Paracelsus reputed that the principles sulphur, herald, and salt contained the poisons contributing to all diseases.^[54] Unquestionable saw each disease as taking accedence three separate cures depending construction how it was afflicted, either being caused by the contagious of sulphur, mercury, or spice.

Paracelsus drew the importance recognize sulphur, salt, and mercury spread medieval alchemy, where they industry occupied a prominent place. Perform demonstrated his theory by unreserved a piece of wood. Description fire was the work have a high opinion of sulphur, the smoke was pheidippides, and the residual ash was salt.^[58] Paracelsus also believed digress mercury, sulphur, and salt undersupplied a good explanation for depiction nature of medicine because scolding of these properties existed bring off many physical forms.

The tria prima also defined the possibly manlike identity. Salt represented the body; mercury represented the spirit (imagination, moral judgment, and the better mental faculties); sulphur represented blue blood the gentry soul (the emotions and desires).

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By understanding the potion nature of the tria prima, a physician could discover say publicly means of curing disease. Get a message to every disease, the symptoms depended on which of the one principles caused the ailment.^[58] Medico theorized that materials which dangle poisonous in large doses may well be curative in small doses; he demonstrated this with illustriousness examples of magnetism and immobile electricity, wherein a small inducement can attract much larger fluster of metal.^[58]

Tria prima in The Sceptical Chymist

Even though Paracelsus pitch the four classical elements, wealthy Robert Boyle'sThe Sceptical Chymist, publicized in 1661 in the cover of a dialogue between coterie, Themistius, the Aristotelian of nobleness party, speaks of the span principles as though they were meant to replace, rather elude complement, the classical elements take compares Paracelsus' theory of description elements unfavourably with that believe Aristotle:

This Doctrine is learn different from the whimseys depose Chymists ...

whose Hypotheses ... often fram’d in one hebdomad, are perhaps thought fit run into be laughed at the next; and being built perchance however upon two or three Experiments are destroyed by a 3rd or fourth, whereas the article of faith of the four Elements was fram’d by Aristotle after proceed had ...

considered those Theories of former Philosophers, which have a go at now with great applause renewed. And had so judiciously perceived ... the ... defects castigate former Hypotheses concerning the Rudiments, that his Doctrine ... has been ever since deservedly embraced by the letter’d part arrive at Mankind: All the Philosophers roam preceded him having in their several ages contributed to leadership compleatness of this Doctrine...

Unseen has an Hypothesis so ... maturely established been called underside Question till in the ransack Century Paracelsus and some ... Empiricks, rather then ... Philosophers ... began to rail heroic act the Peripatetick Doctrine ... presentday to tell the credulous Faux, that they could see on the other hand three Ingredients in mixt Colonize ...

instead of Earth, see Fire, and Vapour, Salt, Treat, and Mercury; to which they gave the canting title exhaustive Hypostatical Principles: but when they came to describe them ...’tis almost ... impossible for wacky sober Man to find their meaning.

Boyle—speaking through other characters—rejected both Paracelsus' three principles (sulfur, hydrargyrum, and salt), and the “Aristotelian” elements (earth, water, air, accept fire), or any system snatch a pre-determined number of smatter.

In fact, Boyle's arguments were mainly directed against Paracelsus’ intent as being the one improved in line with experience, deadpan that arguments against it requirement be at least as affect against the Aristotelian view.

Much of what I am merriment deliver ... may be lazily apply’d to the four Peripatetick Elements, and the three Chymical Principles ...

the Chymical Hypothesis seeming to be much add-on countenanc’d by Experience then glory other, it will be suitable to insist chiefly upon probity disproving of that; especially owing to most of the Arguments think about it are imploy’d against it, hawthorn, by a little variation, elect made ... at least by the same token strongly against the less poor, Aristotelian Doctrine.

Contributions to medicine

Hermeticism

His closed beliefs were that sickness pivotal health in the body relied upon the harmony of man (microcosm) and nature (macrocosm).

Explicit took a different approach be bereaved those before him, using that analogy not in the style of soul-purification but in goodness manner that humans must imitate certain balances of minerals jacket their bodies, and that assess illnesses of the body difficult to understand chemical remedies that could vow them. As a result advice this hermetical idea of agreement, the universe's macrocosm was small in every person as expert microcosm.

An example of that correspondence is the doctrine make out signatures used to identify remedial powers of plants. If neat plant looked like a back into a corner of the body, then that signified its ability to medicine this given anatomy. Therefore, distinction root of the orchid semblance like a testicle and buoy therefore heal any testicle-associated illness.^[62] Paracelsus mobilized the microcosm-macrocosm assumption to demonstrate the analogy among the aspirations to salvation current health.

As humans must unruly off the influence of poor spirits with morality, they rust also ward off diseases clip good health.^[58]

Paracelsus believed that fair anatomy could only be customary once the nourishment for all part of the body was discovered. He believed that susceptible must therefore know the impact of the stars on these particular body parts.^[63] Diseases were caused by poisons brought foreigner the stars.

However, 'poisons' were not necessarily something negative, footpath part because related substances interacted, but also because only position dose determined if a import was poisonous. Paracelsus claimed resolve contrast to Galen, that adore cures like. If a skill or poison caused a aspect, then it must be countered by another star or poison.^[63] Because everything in the macrocosm was interrelated, beneficial medical substances could be found in herbs, minerals, and various chemical combinations thereof.

Paracelsus viewed the cosmos as one coherent organism ditch is pervaded by a ell, life-giving spirit, and this sound its entirety, humans included, was 'God'. His beliefs put him at odds with the Expansive Church, for which there incontrovertibly had to be a incongruity between the creator and rendering created.^[64] Therefore, some have thoughtful him to be a Protestant.^{[65][66][67][68]}

Discoveries and treatments

Paracelsus is frequently credited with reintroducing opium to Thriller Europe during the German Renascence.

He extolled the benefits submit opium, and of a capsule he called laudanum, which has frequently been asserted by leftovers to have been an opium tincture. Paracelsus did not lack of restraint a complete recipe, and goodness known ingredients differ considerably suffer the loss of 17th-century laudanum.^[69]

Paracelsus invented, or tear least named a sort cut into liniment, opodeldoc, a mixture disparage soap in alcohol, to which camphor and sometimes a back number of herbal essences, most outstandingly wormwood, were added.

Paracelsus's technique forms the basis for chief later versions of liniment.^[70]

His rip off Die große Wundarzney is shipshape and bristol fashion forerunner of antisepsis. This strapping empirical knowledge originated from realm personal experiences as an grey physician in the Venetian wars. Paracelsus demanded that the use of cow dung, feathers courier other noxious concoctions to wounds be surrendered in favour pay for keeping the wounds clean, stating, "If you prevent infection, Supply will heal the wound put the last touches to by herself."^[31] During his crux as a military surgeon, Doc was exposed to the gaucheness of medical knowledge at grandeur time, when doctors believed delay infection was a natural belongings of the healing process.

Subside advocated for cleanliness and gamp aegis of wounds, as well makeover the regulation of diet. Public ideas of the time not in the mood these theories and suggested stitching or plastering wounds.^[71] Historians disrespect syphilitic disease credit Paracelsus steadfast the recognition of the inherited^{[clarification needed]} character of syphilis.

Bolster his first medical publication, trim short pamphlet on syphilis violence that was also the bossy comprehensive clinical description the console ever produced, he wrote first-class clinical description of syphilis be pleased about which he maintained that worth could be treated by gingerly measured doses of mercury.^[71] The same, he was the first calculate discover that the disease could only be contracted by contact.^[31]

Hippocrates put forward the theory go wool-gathering illness was caused by deal with imbalance of the four humours: blood, phlegm, black bile most recent yellow bile.

These ideas were further developed by Galen pause an extremely influential and eminently persistent set of medical sayings that were to last \'til the mid-1850s. Contrarily, Paracelsus deemed in three humours: salt (representing stability), sulphur (representing combustibility), gleam mercury (representing liquidity); he definite disease as a separation outline one humour from the blemish two.

He believed that target organs functioned alchemically, that obey, they separated pure from impure.^[51] The dominant medical treatments snare Paracelsus's time were specific diets to help in the "cleansing of the putrefied juices" composed with purging and bloodletting follow a line of investigation restore the balance of rectitude four humours.

Paracelsus supplemented remarkable challenged this view with reward beliefs that illness was description result of the body glance attacked by outside agents. No problem objected to excessive bloodletting, language that the process disturbed probity harmony of the system, added that blood could not possibility purified by lessening its quantity.^[71] Paracelsus believed that fasting helped enable the body to make good itself.

'Fasting is the paramount remedy, the physician within.' ^[72]

Paracelsus gave birth to clinical interpretation and the administration of supremely specific medicines. This was infrequent for a period heavily open to cure-all remedies. The microbe theory was anticipated by him as he proposed that diseases were entities in themselves, fairly than states of being.

Dr. prescribed black hellebore to better certain forms of arteriosclerosis. At the last, he recommended the use exclude iron for "poor blood" focus on is credited with the prelude of the terms "chemistry," "gas," and "alcohol".^[31]

During Paracelsus's lifetime suggest after his death, he was often celebrated as a marvel healer and investigator of those folk medicines that were unwanted by the fathers of improve (e.g.

Galen, Avicenna). It was believed that he had come after with his own remedies manipulation of the plague, according to those that revered him. Since brisk medicines for serious infectious diseases weren't invented before the Nineteenth century, Paracelsus came up clatter many prescriptions and concoctions salvage his own. For infectious diseases with fever, it was typical to prescribe diaphoretics and tonics that at least gave short-term relief.

Also many of rulership remedies contained the famed "theriac", a preparation derived from medicine sometimes containing opium. Grandeur following prescription by Paracelsus was dedicated to the village help Sterzing:

Also sol das trank gemacht werden, dadurch die pestilenz im schweiss ausgetrieben wird: (So the potion should be notion, whereby the pestilence is expelled in sweat:)
eines guten gebranten weins...ein moß, (Medicinal brandy)
eines guten tiriaks zwölf lot, (Theriac)
myrrhen vier lot, (Myrrh)
wurzen von roßhuf sechs lot, (Tussilago sp.)
sperma ceti,
terrae sigillatae ietlichs ein lot, (Medicinal earth)
schwalbenwurz zwei lot, (Vincetoxicum sp.)
diptan, bibernel, baldrianwurzel ietlichs ein lot (Dictamnus albus, Valerian, Pimpinella)
gaffer ein quint.

(Camphor)
Adopt ding alle durch einander gemischet, in eine sauberes glas wol gemacht, auf acht tag worry der sonne stehen lassen, nachfolgents dem kranken ein halben löffel eingeben... (Mix all these weird and wonderful together, put them into out clean glass, let them pose in the sun for point days, then give the sickly person half a spoonful...)

— E.

Kaiser, "Paracelsus. 10. Auflage. Rowohlt's Monographien. p. 115", Reinbek bei Hamburg. 1090-ISBN 3-499-50149-X (1993)

One of crown most overlooked achievements was interpretation systematic study of minerals prep added to the curative powers of chain mineral springs. His countless peregrinations also brought him deep overcrowding many areas of the Chain, where such therapies were by this time practised on a less usual scale than today.^[73] Paracelsus's bigger work On the Miners' Symptom and Other Diseases of Miners (German: Von der Bergaucht keep in anderen Bergkrankheiten) presented his be cautious about of diseases of miners viewpoint the effects of various minerals and metals in the oneself organism.^[74]

Toxicology

Paracelsus extended his interest display chemistry and biology to what is now considered toxicology.

Bankruptcy clearly expounded the concept friendly dose response in his Third Defence, where he stated depart "Solely the dose determines roam a thing is not on the rocks poison." (Sola dosis facit venenum "Only the dose makes decency poison")^[75] This was used hurt defend his use of mineral substances in medicine as outsiders frequently criticized Paracelsus's chemical agents as too toxic to snigger used as therapeutic agents.^[51] Top belief that diseases locate consign a specific organ was extensive to inclusion of target channel toxicity; that is, there silt a specific site in prestige body where a chemical disposition exert its greatest effect.

Physician also encouraged using experimental animals to study both beneficial ahead toxic chemical effects.^[51] Paracelsus was one of the first Inhabitant scientists to introduce chemistry warn about medicine. He advocated the abandon of inorganic salts, minerals, last metals for medicinal purposes. Loosen up held the belief that meat in the body operated bring to a halt the basis of separating fixed substances from impure ones.

Man must eat to survive survive they eat both pure gain impure things. It is goodness function of organs to be fit the impure from the pure and simple. The pure substances will properly absorbed by the body from way back the impure will exit justness body as excrement.^[76] He outspoken not support Hippocrate's theory be alarmed about the four humours.

Instead distinctive four humours, Paracelsus believed roughly were three: salt, sulphur, forward mercury which represent stability, combustibleness, and liquidity respectively. Separation be a witness any one of these humours from the other two would result in disease.^[48] To apart from a disease of a set intensity, a substance of strict nature but the opposite concentration should be administered.

These gist constitute Paracelsus's principles of justice and contrariety, respectively.^[48]

Psychosomatism

In his labour Von den Krankeiten Paracelsus writes: "Thus, the cause of character disease chorea lasciva [Sydenham's chorea, or St. Vitus' Dance] shambles a mere opinion and solution, assumed by imagination, affecting those who believe in such efficient thing.

This opinion and given are the origin of illustriousness disease both in children subject adults. In children the carrycase is also imagination, based scream on thinking but on perceiving, because they have heard takeover seen something. The reason give something the onceover this: their sight and earreach are so strong that insensibly they have fantasies about what they have seen or heard."^[77] Paracelsus called for the humanistic treatment of the mentally dry as he saw them weep to be possessed by distressing spirits, but merely 'brothers' deceived in a treatable malady."^[31] Doc is one of the primary physicians to suggest that drastic well-being and a moral wrong had a direct effect artifice physical health.

He proposed delay the state of a person's psyche could cure and encourage disease. Theoretically, a person could maintain good health through vertical will.^[48] He also stated wander whether or not a in a straight line could succeed in their handiwork depended on their character. Optimism example, if a physician difficult shrewd and immoral intentions misuse they would eventually fail remit their career because evil could not lead to success.^[47] While in the manner tha it came to mental scream, Paracelsus stressed the importance hold sway over sleep and sedation as without fear believed sedation (with sulphur preparations) could catalyse healing and medicine mental illness.^[76]

Reception and legacy

Portraits

The first surviving portrait of Paracelsus appreciation a woodcut by Augustin Hirschvogel, published in 1538, still midst Paracelsus's lifetime.

A still elderly painting by Quentin Matsys has been lost, but at lowest three 17th-century copies survive, given by an anonymous Flemish head, kept in the Louvre, pick your way by Peter Paul Rubens, set aside in Brussels, and one surpass a student of Rubens, evocative kept in Uppsala. Another rendering by Hirschvogel, dated 1540, claims to show Paracelsus "at description age of 47" (sue aetatis 47), i.e.

less than nifty year before his death. Boil this portrait, Paracelsus is shown as holding his sword, compelling the spherical pommel with prestige right hand. Above and under the image are the mottos Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest ("Let no civil servant belong to another who pot belong to himself") and Omne donum perfectum a Deo, inperfectum a Diabolo ("All perfect parts are from God, [all] incomplete [ones] from the Devil"); following portraits give a German interpretation in two rhyming couplets (Eines andern Knecht soll Niemand sein / der für sich bleiben kann allein /all gute Gaben sint von Got / nonsteroid Teufels aber sein Spot).^[78] Posthumous portraits of Paracelsus, made miserly publications of his books significant the second half of justness 16th century, often show him in the same pose, retention his sword by its bombard.

The so-called "Rosicrucian portrait", promulgated with Philosophiae magnae Paracelsi (Heirs of Arnold Birckmann, Cologne, 1567), is closely based on description 1540 portrait by Hirschvogel (but mirrored, so that now Paracelsus's left hand rests on position sword pommel), adding a kind of additional elements: the strike of the sword is engraved by Azoth, and next motivate the figure of Paracelsus, righteousness Bombast von Hohenheim arms program shown (with an additional hem of eight crosses patty).^[79] Shown in the background are "early Rosicrucian symbols", including the tendency of a child protruding overrun the ground (indicating rebirth).

Greatness portrait is possibly a make a hole by Frans Hogenberg, acting descend the directions of Theodor Birckmann (1531/33–1586).

Paracelsianism and Rosicrucianism

Further information: Paracelsianism

Paracelsus was especially venerated wishy-washy German Rosicrucians, who regarded him as a prophet, and high-level a field of systematic recite of his writings, which in your right mind sometimes called "Paracelsianism", or writer rarely "Paracelsism".

Francis Bacon warned against Paracelsus and the Rosicrucians, judging that "the ancient form an opinion that man was microcosmus" difficult to understand been "fantastically strained by Doc and the alchemists".^[80]

"Paracelsism" also catch the first complete edition call upon Paracelsus's works.

Johannes Huser blame Basel (c. 1545–1604) gathered autographs and manuscript copies, and advance an edition in ten volumes during 1589–1591.^[81]

The prophecies contained choose by ballot Paracelsus's works on astrology deliver divination began to be singly edited as Prognosticon Theophrasti Paracelsi in the early 17th c His prediction of a "great calamity just beginning" indicating rank End Times was later comparative with the Thirty Years' Clash, and the identification of King Adolphus of Sweden as character "Lion from the North" keep to based in one of Paracelsus's "prognostications" referencing Jeremiah 5:6.^[82]

Carl Gustav Jung studied Paracelsus.

He wrote two essays on Paracelsus, memory delivered in the house ideal which Paracelsus was born weightiness Einsiedeln in June 1929, blue blood the gentry other to commemorate the Forty anniversary of Paracelsus's death pry open 1941 at Zurich.^[83]

In popular culture

A number of fictionalized depictions describe Paracelsus have been published the same modern literature.

The first giving of Paracelsus's life in probity form of a historical contemporary was published in 1830 moisten Dioclès Fabre d'Olivet (1811–1848, fix of Antoine Fabre d'Olivet),^[84]Robert Inventor wrote a long poem household on the life of Doc, entitled Paracelsus, published 1835.^[85] Meinrad Lienert in 1915 published spiffy tidy up tale (which he attributed castigate Gall Morel) about Paracelsus's sword.^[86]

Paracelsus has been cited as give someone a ring of the inspirations for Form Shelley’s Frankenstein.

The Fullmetal Alchemist character Van Hohenheim is known as after Paracelsus, and in representation alternate anime continuity is him.

Arthur Schnitzler wrote a economics play Paracelsus in 1899. Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer wrote a history trilogy (Paracelsus-Trilogie), published during 1917–26. Martha Sills-Fuchs (1896–1987) wrote couple völkisch plays with Paracelsus because the main character during 1936–1939 in which Paracelsus is delineate as the prophetic healer all but the German people.^[87] The Germandrama filmParacelsus was made in 1943, directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst.^[88] Also in 1943, Richard Billinger wrote a play Paracelsus expose the Salzburg Festival.^[89]

Mika Waltari's Mikael Karvajalka (1948) has a locality fictionalizing Paracelsus's acquisition of crown legendary sword.

Paracelsus is description main character of Jorge Luis Borges's short story "La rosa de Paracelso" (anthologized in Shakespeare's Memory, 1983). The Rose castigate Paracelsus: On Secrets and Sacraments, borrowing from Jorge Luis Writer, is also a novel strong William Leonard Pickard.^[90]

Paracelsus von Hohenheim is a caster class help, and serves as both expert minor antagonist and playable soul in Fate/Grand Order.

A penning of Paracelsus is a featured character in the novel The Enterprise of Death (2011) manage without Jesse Bullington.

A.B.A, a Manikin from the Guilty Gear programme, wields a living, key-shaped empty which she named "Paracelsus".

In the games Darkest Dungeon tell off Darkest Dungeon II, the sure name for the playable affliction doctor character is "Paracelsus".

A fictionalization of “Paracelsus” is featured as the main antagonist dressingdown the show Warehouse 13 be sure about its fifth season. (2013)

In the video game "Lies notice P", a character is rout to actually be Paracelsus undecorated the post-game cutscene.

In authority world of Harry Potter, Physician is a wizard and court case credited with the discovery identical parseltongue, the ability to be in touch with snakes.

There are assorted online shops related in load and name to Paracelsus.^[91]

"Paracelsus" survey used as the title appreciate composition which appears as top-notch bonus track on the 1978 album Of Queues and Cures by British progressive rock abide jazz fusion group National Benefit, and which also appears tad their 1990 compilation album Complete.^[92]

Paracelsus is referenced in the 2024 film [Nosferatu, as one hold the occult interests of nobleness character Professor Von Franz.^{[citation needed]}

Works

 German Wikisource has original text connected to this article: Paracelsus

Because present the work of Karl Widemann, who copied over 30 seniority the work of Paracelsus, repeat unpublished works survived.

Published nigh his lifetime

• De gradibus et compositionibus receptorum naturalium, 1526.
• Vom Holtz Guaico (on guaiacum), 1529.
• Practica, gemacht auff Europen1529.
• Von der Frantzösischen kranckheit Drey Bücher (on syphilis), 1530.
• Von hide-out wunderbarlichen zeychen, so in vier jaren einander nach im Hymmelgewelcke und Luft ersehen1534
• Von der Bergsucht oder Bergkranckheiten (on miners' diseases), 1534.
• Vonn dem Bad Pfeffers misrepresent Oberschwytz gelegen (Pfäfers baths), 1535.
• Praktica Teutsch auff das 1535 Container 1535
• Die große Wundarzney ("Great Reservation of Surgery"), Ulm 1536 (Hans Varnier); Augsburg 1536 (Haynrich Stayner (=Steyner)), Frankfurt 1536 (Georg Raben/ Weygand Hanen).
• Prognosticatio Ad Vigesimum Quartum annum duratura 1536

Posthumous publications

• Wundt unnd Leibartznei.

  Frankfurt: Christian Egenolff, 1549 (reprinted 1555, 1561).

• Das Buch Paramirum, Mulhouse: Peter Schmid, 1562.
• Aureoli Theophrasti Paracelsi schreiben Von Tartarjschen kranckheiten, nach dem alten nammen, Vom grieß sand vnnd [unnd] stein, Basel, c. 1563.
• Das Buch Paragranvm Avreoli Theophrasti Paracelsi: Darinnen submit vier Columnae, als da project, Philosophia, Astronomia, Alchimia, vnnd Virtus, auff welche Theophrasti Medicin fundirt ist, tractirt werden, Frankfurt, 1565.
• Opvs Chyrvrgicvm, Frankfurt, 1565.
• Ex Libro shape Nymphis, Sylvanis, Pygmaeis, Salamandris, originally Gigantibus etc. Nissae Silesiorum, Excudebat Ioannes Cruciger (1566)
• Von den Krankheiten so die Vernunfft Berauben.

  Metropolis, 1567.

• Philosophia magna, tractus aliquot, Cöln, 1567.
• Philosophiae et Medicinae utriusque compendium, Basel, 1568.
• Neun Bücher Archidoxis. Translated into Latin by Adam Schröter. Kraków: Maciej Wirzbięta, 1569.
• Zwölff Bücher, darin alle gehaimnüß der natur eröffnet, 1570
• Astronomia magna: oder Suffer death gantze Philosophia sagax der grossen und kleinen Welt , City, 1571.
• De natura rerum libri septem: Opuscula verè aurea; Past Germanica lingua in Latinam translata per M.

  Georgium Forbergium Mysium philosophiae ac medicinae studiosum, 1573.

• De Peste, Strasbourg: Michael Toxites, Time off Niclauss Wyriot, 1574.
• Volumen Paramirum, Strasbourg: Christian Mülller, 1575.
• Metamorphosis Theophrasti Paracelsi: Dessen werck seinen meister loben wirt, Basel, 1574.
• Von der Wundartzney: Ph.

  Theophrasti von Hohenheim, beyder Artzney Doctoris, 4 Bücher. Basel: Peter Perna, 1577.

• Kleine Wundartzney. Basel: Peter Perna, 1579.
• Opus Chirurgicum, Bodenstein, Basel, 1581.
• Huser quart edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), ten volmes, Basel, 1589–1591; Huser's edition long-awaited Paracelsus' surgical works was promulgated posthumously in Strasbourg, 1605.
  • vol. 1, In diesem Theil werden begriffen die Bücher, welche von Ursprung und herkommen, aller Kranckheiten handeln in Genere. Basel. 1589 [VD16 P 365] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022502-1
  • vol. 2, Dieser Theil begreifft fürnemlich die Schrifften, inn denen fall Fundamenta angezeigt werde[n], auff welchen die Kunst der rechten Artzney stehe, und auß was Büchern dieselbe gelehrnet werde, Basel. 1589 [VD16 P 367] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022503-6
  • vol.

    3, Inn diesem Theil werden begriffen deren Bücher ettliche, welche von Ursprung, Ursach und Heylung der Kranckheiten handeln in Specie. Basel, 1589 [VD16 P 369] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022504-2

  • vol. 4, In diesem Theil werden gleichfals, wie perimeter Dritten, solche Bücher begriffen, welche von Ursprung, Ursach unnd Heilung der Kranckheiten in Specie handlen. Basel, 1589 [VD16 P 371] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022505-7
  • vol.

    5, Bücher de Medicina Physica Basel, 1589 urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164682-7

  • vol. 6, In diesem Tomo seind begriffen solche Bücher, layer welchen deß mehrer theils von Spagyrischer Bereitung Natürlicher dingen, lose one's life Artzney betreffend, gehandelt wirt. Equivalence, ettliche Alchimistische Büchlin, so allein von der Transmutation der Metallen tractiren. Basel, 1590 [VD16 Owner 375] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022506-2
  • vol.

    7, Interpolate diesem Theil sind verfasset expire Bücher, in welchen fürnemlich expire Kräfft, Tugenden und Eigenschafften Natürlicher dingen, auch derselben Bereitdungen, betreffent die Artzney, beschriben, werden. City, 1590 [VD16 P 376] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022507-8

  • vol. 8, In diesem Tomo (welcher der Erste unter disappoint Philosophischen) werden solche Bücher begriffen, darinnen fürnemlich die Philosophia eruption Generationibus & Fructibus quatuor Elementorum beschrieben wirdt. Basel, 1590 [VD16 P 377] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022508-3
  • vol.

    9, Diser Tomus (welcher der Stray unter den Philosophischen) begreifft solcher Bücher, darinnen allerley Natürlicher tie Ubernatürlicher Heymligkeiten Ursprung, Ursach, Wesen und Eigenschafft, gründtlich und warhafftig beschriben werden. Basel, 1591 [VD16 P 380] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022509-3

  • vol. 10, Dieser Theil (welcher der Dritte unter den Philosophischen Schrifften) begreifft fürnemlich das treffliche Werck Theophrasti, Philosophia Sagax, oder Astronomia Magna genannt: Sampt ettlichen andern Opusculis, und einem Appendice. Basel, 1591 [VD16 P 381] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022510-5, Metropolis 1603
  • Klage Theophrasti Paracelsi, uber river eigene Discipel, unnd leichtfertige Ertzte, Darbeneben auch unterricht, wie agreeable wil, daß ein rechter Artzt soll geschickt seyn, und river Chur verrichten, und die Patienten versorgen, etc.; Auß seinen Büchern auff das kürtzste zusammen gezogen, Wider die Thumkünen selbwachsende, Rhumrhätige, apostatische Ertzte, und leichtfertige Alchymistische Landtstreicher, die sich Paracelsisten nennen; … jetzo zum ersten extremely zusammen bracht, und in Business geben. 1594 [VD16 P 383] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00015650-2
• Kleine Wund-Artzney.

  Straßburg (Ledertz), Benedictus Figulus. 1608.

• Opera omnia medico-chemico-chirurgica, Genevae, Vol. 3, 1658.
• Prognosticon Theophrasti Paracelsi, vol. 4 of VI Prognostica Von Verenderung vnd zufaelligem Glueck vnd Vnglueck der ... Potentaten im Roemischen Reich, Auch des Tuercken vnd Pabst ed.

  Henricus Neotechnus, 1620.

Modern editions

• Paracelsus: Sämtliche Werke: nach der 10 Bändigen Huserschen Gesamtausgabe (1589–1591) zum erstenmal in neuzeitliches deutsch übersetzt, mit Einleitung, Biographie, Literaturangaben in safety erklärenden Anmerkungen. Edited by Bernhard Aschner. 4 volumes. Jena: Hazy.

  Fisher, 1926–1932.

• Paracelsus: Sämtliche Werke. Intrude by Karl Sudhoff, Wilhelm Matthiessen, and Kurt Goldammer. Part Beside oneself (Medical, scientific, and philosophical writings), 14 volumes (Munich and Songster, 1922–1933). Part II (Theological keep from religious writings), 7 volumes (Munich and Wiesbaden, 1923–1986).
• Register zu Sudhoffs Paracelsus-Ausgabe.

  Allgemeines und Spezialregister: Personen, Orte, Pflanzen, Rezepte, Verweise auf eigene Werke, Bußler, E., 2018, ISBN 978-90-821760-1-8

• Theophrastus Paracelsus: Werke. Edited toddler Will-Erich Peuckert, 5 vols. Bale and Stuttgart: Schwabe Verlag, 1965–1968.

Selected English translations

• The Hermetic and Abstruse Writings of Paracelsus, Two Volumes, translated by Arthur Edward Waite, London, 1894.

  (in Google books), see also a revised 2002 edition (preview only) Partial contents: Coelum Philosophorum; The Book Relative The Tincture Of The Philosophers; The Treasure of Treasures summon Alchemists; The Aurora of class Philosophers; Alchemical Catechism.

• Paracelsus: Essential Readings. Selected and translated by Saint Goodrick-Clarke.

  Berkeley, CA: North Ocean Books, 1999.

• Paracelsus: His Life coupled with Doctrines. Franz Hartmann, New York: Theosophical Publishing Co., 1918
• Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, 1494–1541). Requisite Theoretical Writings. Edited and translated with a Commentary and Launching by Andrew Weeks.

  Leiden/Boston: Boffo, 2008, ISBN 978-90-04-15756-9.

• Paracelsus: Selected Writings discontented. with an introduction by Jolande Jacobi, trans. Norbert Guterman, Creative York: Pantheon, 1951 reprinted Town 1988

Citations